The imperative to enhance agricultural productivity while preserving natural resources and mitigating climate change has catalyzed interest in transformative approaches that move beyond conventional intensification paradigms. Agroecological intensification, emphasizing biodiversity-based productivity and ecosystem service optimization, and circular bioeconomy frameworks, focused on biomass valorization and nutrient recycling, offer complementary pathways for sustainable farming system transformation. However, integrated understanding of their synergies and combined applications remains fragmented, limiting development of coherent strategies applicable across diverse contexts. This article examines the convergence of agroecological intensification principles with circular bioeconomy approaches for enhancing productivity in sustainable farming systems. Through analysis of crop diversification, integrated pest and nutrient management, crop–livestock integration, organic residue recycling, bioenergy systems, and biofertilizer production, the article demonstrates how integrated approaches generate synergistic benefits including improved resource-use efficiency, enhanced ecosystem services, reduced external input dependence, and climate resilience. Three synthesis tables present core agroecological principles with productivity and resilience contributions, circular bioeconomy strategies with resource recovery pathways, and integrated assessment of advantages, limitations, and implementation challenges. The article concludes that realizing transformative potential requires policy frameworks supporting agroecological transitions, investment in circular economy infrastructure, market development for bio-based products, and sustainability metrics capturing multiple benefit streams, with future research needed on scaling mechanisms in smallholder contexts and integration with digital monitoring technologies.