Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees with crops and/or livestock, has emerged as a sustainable land management practice with significant potential to enhance soil fertility and conserve biodiversity. This article explores the mechanisms by which agroforestry systems improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, and examines their role in supporting biodiversity at multiple scales. Drawing on recent research and case studies from diverse agroecological regions, the article highlights the contributions of agroforestry to nutrient cycling, soil structure, erosion control, and habitat provision. The discussion also addresses challenges, knowledge gaps, and policy implications for maximizing the benefits of agroforestry in agricultural landscapes.