Agriculture remains the backbone of global food security, yet farming practices vary significantly across regions and economic conditions. This comparative study examines traditional and mechanized farming techniques, analyzing their respective advantages, limitations, and impacts on productivity, environmental sustainability, and socioeconomic factors. Through comprehensive literature review and analysis, this research explores how different farming approaches affect crop yields, resource utilization, environmental conservation, and rural livelihoods. The findings suggest that while mechanized farming offers superior productivity and efficiency, traditional methods provide valuable ecological and social benefits that warrant preservation and integration into modern agricultural systems.